CA API Gateway ALG Security Technical Implementation Guide

Successful authentication must not automatically give an entity access to an asset or security boundary. The lack of authorization-based access control could result in the immediate compromise and unauthorized access to sensitive information. All DoD systems must be properly configured to incorporate access control methods that do not rely solely on authentication for authorized access. Authorization is the process of determining whether an entity, once authenticated, is permitted to access a specific asset. Information systems use access control policies and enforcement mechanisms to implement this requirement. Authorization procedures and controls must be implemented to ensure each authenticated entity also has a validated and current authorization. The CA API Gateway has the ability to integrate with third-party identity providers such as Active Directory. Users within the identity providers should be granted access to the Registered Services as needed through the use of policies within the Registered Services. Access control policies include identity-based policies, role-based policies, and attribute-based policies. Access enforcement mechanisms include access control lists, access control matrices, and cryptography. ALGs must use these policies and mechanisms to control access on behalf of the application for which it is acting as intermediary.

Information flow control regulates where information is allowed to travel within a network. The flow of all network traffic must be monitored and controlled so it does not introduce any unacceptable risk to the network infrastructure or data. Information flow control policies and enforcement mechanisms are commonly employed by organizations to control the flow of information between designated sources and destinations (e.g., networks, individuals, devices) within information systems. Examples of information flow control restrictions include keeping export-controlled information from being transmitted in the clear to the Internet or blocking information marked as classified but being transported to an unapproved destination. Using the CA API Gateway - Policy Manager, when creating polices to meet this requirement, the policies should be configured to leverage attributes from the ${request} variable, which contains information about the requesting client's IP address and identity, as well as message headers and body (content) that make up the request. The CA API Gateway request message headers and content should be parsed and matched against regular expressions (regex) patterns for any text content, XPath expressions for XML content, and JSON path for JSON content relevant to the required flow of information.

Information flow control regulates where information is allowed to travel within a network and between interconnected networks. Blocking or restricting detected harmful or suspicious communications between interconnected networks enforces approved authorizations for controlling the flow of traffic. This requirement applies to the flow of information between the CA API Gateway when used as a gateway or boundary device that allows traffic flow between interconnected networks of differing security policies. The CA API Gateway should be installed and configured to restrict or block information flows based on guidance in the Ports, Protocols, and Services Management (PPSM) regarding restrictions for boundary crossing for ports, protocols, and services. Information flow restrictions may be implemented based on attribute- and content-based inspection of the source, destination, headers, and/or content of the communications traffic. The CA API Gateway policies securing the Registered Services should include rules to control the flow of information between systems and networks with policy filters (e.g., rules that parse the Request Message attributes and/or signatures) that restrict or block information system services; provide a packet-filtering capability based on header information; and/or perform message filtering based on message content.

Display of a standardized and approved use notification before granting access to the network ensures privacy and security notification verbiage used is consistent with applicable federal laws, Executive Orders, directives, policies, regulations, standards, and guidance. System use notifications are required only for access via logon interfaces with human users and are not required when such human interfaces do not exist. This requirement applies to network elements that have the concept of a user account and have the logon function residing on the network element. The banner must be formatted in accordance with DTM-08-060. Use the following verbiage for network elements that can accommodate banners of 1300 characters: "You are accessing a U.S. Government (USG) Information System (IS) that is provided for USG-authorized use only. By using this IS (which includes any device attached to this IS), you consent to the following conditions: -The USG routinely intercepts and monitors communications on this IS for purposes including, but not limited to, penetration testing, COMSEC monitoring, network operations and defense, personnel misconduct (PM), law enforcement (LE), and counterintelligence (CI) investigations. -At any time, the USG may inspect and seize data stored on this IS. -Communications using, or data stored on, this IS are not private, are subject to routine monitoring, interception, and search, and may be disclosed or used for any USG-authorized purpose. -This IS includes security measures (e.g., authentication and access controls) to protect USG interests--not for your personal benefit or privacy. -Notwithstanding the above, using this IS does not constitute consent to PM, LE or CI investigative searching or monitoring of the content of privileged communications, or work product, related to personal representation or services by attorneys, psychotherapists, or clergy, and their assistants. Such communications and work product are private and confidential. See User Agreement for details." Use the following verbiage for operating systems that have severe limitations on the number of characters that can be displayed in the banner: "I've read & consent to terms in IS user agreem't." The CA API Gateway should return a custom template response upon first use of an application before routing to a back-end service with the above DoD Banner. An application should be set up to call a CA API Gateway Service with the custom response included, which before logon of an application, displays the Standard Mandatory DoD-approved Notice and Consent Banner.

The banner must be acknowledged by the user prior to allowing the user access to the network. This provides assurance that the user has seen the message and accepted the conditions for access. If the consent banner is not acknowledged by the user, DoD will not be in compliance with system use notifications required by law. To establish acceptance of the application usage policy, a click-through banner at application logon is required. The network element must prevent further activity until the user executes a positive action to manifest agreement by clicking on a box indicating "OK". The CA API Gateway should return a custom template response before routing to a back-end service with the above DoD Banner and must wait for acceptance of the Banner by the requesting user. An application should be set up to call a CA API Gateway Service with the custom response included that, before logon of an application, displays the Standard Mandatory DoD-approved Notice and Consent Banner.

Display of a standardized and approved use notification before granting access to the publicly accessible network element ensures privacy and security notification verbiage used is consistent with applicable federal laws, Executive Orders, directives, policies, regulations, standards, and guidance. System use notifications are required only for access via logon interfaces with human users and are not required when such human interfaces do not exist. This requirement applies to network elements that have the concept of a user account and have the logon function residing on the network element. The banner must be formatted in accordance with DTM-08-060. Use the following verbiage for network elements that can accommodate banners of 1300 characters: "You are accessing a U.S. Government (USG) Information System (IS) that is provided for USG-authorized use only. By using this IS (which includes any device attached to this IS), you consent to the following conditions: -The USG routinely intercepts and monitors communications on this IS for purposes including, but not limited to, penetration testing, COMSEC monitoring, network operations and defense, personnel misconduct (PM), law enforcement (LE), and counterintelligence (CI) investigations. -At any time, the USG may inspect and seize data stored on this IS. -Communications using, or data stored on, this IS are not private, are subject to routine monitoring, interception, and search, and may be disclosed or used for any USG-authorized purpose. -This IS includes security measures (e.g., authentication and access controls) to protect USG interests--not for your personal benefit or privacy. -Notwithstanding the above, using this IS does not constitute consent to PM, LE or CI investigative searching or monitoring of the content of privileged communications, or work product, related to personal representation or services by attorneys, psychotherapists, or clergy, and their assistants. Such communications and work product are private and confidential. See User Agreement for details." Use the following verbiage for operating systems that have severe limitations on the number of characters that can be displayed in the banner: "I've read & consent to terms in IS user agreem't." The CA API Gateway should return a custom template response before routing to a back-end service with the above DoD Banner and must wait for acceptance of the Banner by the requesting user. An Application should be set up to call a CA API Gateway Service with the custom response included that, before logon of an application, displays the Standard Mandatory DoD-approved Notice and Consent Banner.

Network element management includes the ability to control the number of users and user sessions that utilize a network element. Limiting the number of current sessions per user is helpful in limiting risks related to Denial of Service (DoS) attacks. This requirement addresses concurrent sessions for information system accounts and does not address concurrent sessions by single users via multiple system accounts. The maximum number of concurrent sessions must be the same as the requirements specified for the application for which it serves as intermediary. The CA API Gateway must have Global Policies that enable rate limits that throttle the number of concurrent sessions for Registered Services/APIs in accordance with organizational requirements.

Without confidentiality protection mechanisms, unauthorized individuals may gain access to sensitive information via a remote access session. Remote access is access to DoD nonpublic information systems by an authorized user (or an information system) communicating through an external, non-organization-controlled network. Remote access methods include broadband and wireless connections. Remote access methods include, for example, proxied remote encrypted traffic (e.g., TLS gateways, web content filters, and webmail proxies). Encryption provides a means to secure the remote connection to prevent unauthorized access to the data traversing the remote access connection, thereby providing a degree of confidentiality. The encryption strength of the mechanism is selected based on the security categorization of the information. The CA API Gateway uses the RSA BSAFE Crypto-J Software Module for cryptography, which is validated to FIPS 140-2 Overall Level 1 when operated in FIPS mode. FIPS mode is not enabled by default and must be enabled to meet this requirement.

Private key data is used to prove the entity presenting a public key certificate is the certificate's rightful owner. Compromise of private key data allows an adversary to impersonate the key holder. Private key data associated with software certificates, including those issued to an ALG, is required to be generated and protected in at least a FIPS 140-2 Level 1 validated cryptographic module. By default, the CA API Gateway uses the SunJSSE PKCS#12 for key storage, which is not approved at FIPS 140-2. The Gateway must be configured to use a SafeNet Luna Hardware Security Module (HSM) that is approved at FIPS-140-2 Level 3.

SP 800-52 provides guidance on using the most secure version and configuration of the TLS/SSL protocol. Using older unauthorized versions or incorrectly configuring protocol negotiation makes the Gateway vulnerable to known and unknown attacks that exploit vulnerabilities in this protocol. SP 800-52 sets TLS version 1.1 as a minimum version; thus, all versions of SSL are not allowed (including for client negotiation) on either DoD-only or public-facing servers. The CA API Gateway must be configured to use FIPS-140 cryptographic algorithms to meet the NIST SP 800-52 TLS settings.

Without cryptographic integrity protections, information can be altered by unauthorized users without detection. Remote access is access to DoD-nonpublic information systems by an authorized user (or an information system) communicating through an external, non-organization-controlled network. Remote access methods include broadband and wireless connections. Remote access methods include, for example, proxied remote encrypted traffic (e.g., TLS gateways, web content filters, and webmail proxies). Cryptographic mechanisms used for protecting the integrity of information include, for example, signed hash functions using asymmetric cryptography enabling distribution of the public key to verify the hash information while maintaining the confidentiality of the secret key used to generate the hash. The CA API Gateway uses the RSA BSAFE Crypto-J Software Module, which is validated to FIPS 140-2 Overall Level 1 when operated in FIPS mode. FIPS mode is not enabled by default and must be enabled.

Without establishing the source of the event, it is impossible to establish, correlate, and investigate the events leading up to an outage or attack. In order to compile an accurate risk assessment and provide forensic analysis, security personnel need to know the source of the event. In addition to logging where events occur within the network, the audit records must also identify sources of events such as IP addresses, processes, and node or device names. The CA API Gateway policies must be configured to provide the required level of auditing in accordance with organizational requirements.

Without information about the outcome of events, security personnel cannot make an accurate assessment as to whether an attack was successful or if changes were made to the security state of the network. Event outcomes can include indicators of event success or failure and event-specific results (e.g., the security state of the network after the event occurred). They also provide a means to measure the impact of an event and help authorized personnel to determine the appropriate response. The CA API Gateway policies must be configured to provide the required level of auditing in accordance with organizational requirements.

Without information that establishes the identity of the subjects (i.e., users or processes acting on behalf of users) associated with the events, security personnel cannot determine responsibility for the potentially harmful event. Associating information about where the event occurred within the network provides a means of investigating an attack, recognizing resource utilization or capacity thresholds, or identifying an improperly configured network element. The CA API Gateway must have the "Audit Messages in Policy" Assertion added to all policies.

Auditing and logging are key components of any security architecture. Logging the actions of specific events provides a means to investigate an attack, recognize resource utilization or capacity thresholds, or simply identify an improperly configured network element. Thus, it is imperative that the collected log data from the various network elements, as well as the auditing tools, be secured and can only be accessed by authorized personnel. Audited events are protected by default by only allowing access to the audited events to authorized users of the CA API Gateway - Policy Manager. Any user requiring access to the audit Information must be explicitly granted access to the Policy Manager auditing tool as per organizational requirements.

If audit data becomes compromised, forensic analysis and discovery of the true source of potentially malicious system activity is impossible to achieve. To ensure the veracity of audit data, the information system and/or the application must protect audit information from unauthorized modification. This requirement can be achieved through multiple methods, which will depend on system architecture and design. Some commonly employed methods include ensuring log files receive the proper file system permissions and limiting log data locations. Audit information includes all information (e.g., audit records, audit settings, and audit reports) needed to successfully audit information system activity. Audited events are protected by default by only allowing access to the audited events to authorized users of the CA API Gateway - Policy Manager assigned to the role of "View Audit Records". Those users must be granted access by an administrator and must be approved for access to the audited events by the organization. Users needing access to the deletion of audited events must be explicitly granted the privileges to do so.

Protecting audit data also includes identifying and protecting the tools used to view and manipulate log data. Therefore, protecting audit tools is necessary to prevent unauthorized operation on audit data. Network elements providing tools to interface with audit data will leverage user permissions and roles identifying the user accessing the tools and the corresponding rights the user enjoys in order to make decisions regarding access to audit tools. There is only one tool used to view audited events within the CA API Gateway. That tool is the CA API Gateway - Policy Manager. Use of this tool must be granted and policed by the organization, only allowing individuals access as needed in accordance with the organizational requirements.

Information systems are capable of providing a wide variety of functions (capabilities or processes) and services. Some of these functions and services are installed and enabled by default. The organization must determine which functions and services are required to perform the content filtering and other necessary core functionality for each component of the ALG. These unnecessary capabilities or services are often overlooked and therefore may remain unsecured. They increase the risk to the platform by providing additional attack vectors. The primary function of an ALG is to provide application-specific content filtering and/or proxy services. The ALG application suite may integrate related content filtering and analysis services and tools (e.g., IPS, proxy, malware inspection, black/white lists). Some gateways may also include email scanning, decryption, caching, and DLP services. However, services and capabilities that are unrelated to this primary functionality must not be installed (e.g., DNS, email client or server, FTP server, or web server). Next Generation ALGs (NGFW) and Unified Threat Management (UTM) ALGs integrate functions that have traditionally been separated. These products integrate content filtering features to provide more granular policy filtering. There may be operational drawbacks to combining these services into one device. Another issue is that NGFW and UTM products vary greatly, with no current definitive industry standard. The CA API Gateway must not enable unnecessary services unless required by a Registered Service to be used in accordance with organizational requirements.

Unrelated or unneeded proxy services increase the attack vector and add excessive complexity to the securing of the ALG. Multiple application proxies can be installed on many ALGs. However, proxy types must be limited to related functions. At a minimum, the web and email gateway represent different security domains/trust levels. Organizations should also consider separation of gateways that service the DMZ and the trusted network. The CA API Gateway allows administrators to register only the necessary services that require reverse proxy to the internal organization’s network. All other services must not be enabled on the CA API Gateway until registered and assigned the appropriate amount of security policy to meet the organization's requirements.

In order to prevent unauthorized connection of devices, unauthorized transfer of information, or unauthorized tunneling (i.e., embedding of data types within data types), organizations must disable or restrict unused or unnecessary physical and logical ports/protocols on information systems. ALGs are capable of providing a wide variety of functions and services. Some of the functions and services provided by default may not be necessary to support essential organizational operations. DoD continually assesses the ports, protocols, and services that can be used for network communications. Some ports, protocols, or services have known exploits or security weaknesses. Network traffic using these ports, protocols, and services must be prohibited or restricted in accordance with DoD policy. The ALG is a key network element for preventing these non-compliant ports, protocols, and services from causing harm to DoD information systems. The CA API Gateway must be configured to prevent or restrict the use of prohibited ports, protocols, and services throughout the network by filtering the network traffic and disallowing or redirecting traffic as necessary. Default and updated policy filters from the vendors will disallow older version of protocols and applications and will address most known non-secure ports, protocols, and/or services. However, sources for further policy filters are the IAVMs and the PPSM requirements.

To assure accountability and prevent unauthenticated access, organizational users must be identified and authenticated to prevent potential misuse and compromise of the system. Organizational users include organizational employees or individuals the organization deems to have equivalent status of employees (e.g., contractors). Organizational users (and any processes acting on behalf of users) must be uniquely identified and authenticated for all accesses except the following: 1) Accesses explicitly identified and documented by the organization. Organizations document specific user actions that can be performed on the information system without identification or authentication. 2) Accesses that occur through authorized use of group authenticators without individual authentication. Organizations may require unique identification of individuals in group accounts (e.g., shared privilege accounts) or for detailed accountability of individual activity. The CA API Gateway must have an Identity Provider registered/enabled on the Gateway in accordance with organizational requirements and must ensure authentication mechanisms are included with all Registered Services on the Gateway through the use of "Access Control" Assertions added to Registered Services policies.

User account and privilege validation must be centralized in order to prevent unauthorized access using changed or revoked privileges. ALGs can implement functions such as traffic filtering, authentication, access, and authorization functions based on computer and user privileges. However, the directory service (e.g., Active Directory or LDAP) must not be installed on the ALG, particularly if the Gateway resides on the untrusted zone of the enclave. The CA API Gateway must have registered identity providers in a central location on the Gateway that provides a pre-established trust for use in authentication and authorization to Registered Services.

User authentication can be used as part of the policy filtering rule sets. Some URLs or network resources can be restricted to authenticated users only. Users are prompted by the application or browser for credentials. Authentication service may be provided by the ALG as an intermediary for the application; however, the authentication credential must be stored in the site's directory services server. The CA API Gateway must be configured to direct authentication traffic to specific authentication servers/URLs.

To assure accountability and prevent unauthenticated access, non-privileged users must utilize multifactor authentication to prevent potential misuse and compromise of the system. Multifactor authentication uses two or more factors to achieve authentication. Factors include: 1) Something you know (e.g., password/PIN), 2) Something you have (e.g., cryptographic, identification device, token), and 3) Something you are (e.g., biometric). Non-privileged accounts are not authorized access to the network element regardless of access method. Network access is any access to an application by a user (or process acting on behalf of a user) where said access is obtained through a network connection. Authenticating with a PKI credential and entering the associated PIN is an example of multifactor authentication. The CA API Gateway supports X.509, username/password, SAML, Kerberos, and RADIUS authentication. To provide multifactor authentication, the CA API Gateway must include a policy that uses multiple authentication assertions and include a route assertion that routes to a biometric back-end service and then evaluate the response to allow/disallow access to the Registered Service.

A replay attack may enable an unauthorized user to gain access to the application. Authentication sessions between the authenticator and the application validating the user credentials must not be vulnerable to a replay attack. An authentication process resists replay attacks if it is impractical to achieve a successful authentication by recording and replaying a previous authentication message. A non-privileged account is any account with the authorizations of a non-privileged user. Privileged roles are organization-defined roles assigned to individuals that allow those individuals to perform certain security-relevant functions that ordinary users are not authorized to perform. Security-relevant roles include key management, account management, network and system administration, database administration, and web administration. Techniques used to address this include protocols using nonces (e.g., numbers generated for a specific one-time use) or challenges (e.g., TLS). Additional techniques include time-synchronous or challenge-response one-time authenticators. The CA API Gateway registered services requiring replay-resistance must include an out-of-the-box "Protect Against Message Replay" Assertion that will assist with preventing the replay of authenticated sessions accessing network resources.

Authorization for access to any network element requires an approved and assigned individual account identifier. To ensure only the assigned individual is using the account, the account must be bound to a user certificate when PKI-based authentication is implemented. This requirement applies to ALGs that provide user authentication intermediary services (e.g., authentication gateway or TLS gateway). This does not apply to authentication for the purpose of configuring the device itself (device management). When a user is authenticated using PKI, the CA API Gateway must map attributes associated with their certificate in order to query an identity provider mapping the PKI certificate to a user account.

Lack of authentication enables anyone to gain access to the network or possibly a network element that provides opportunity for intruders to compromise resources within the network infrastructure. By identifying and authenticating non-organizational users, their access to network resources can be restricted accordingly. Non-organizational users will be uniquely identified and authenticated for all accesses other than those accesses explicitly identified and documented by the organization when related to the use of anonymous access. Authorization requires an individual account identifier that has been approved, assigned, and configured on an authentication server. Authentication of user identities is accomplished through the use of passwords, tokens, biometrics, or in the case of multifactor authentication, some combination thereof. This control applies to application layer gateways that provide content filtering and proxy services on network segments (e.g., DMZ) that allow access by non-organizational users. This requirement focuses on authentication requests to the proxied application for access to destination resources and policy filtering decisions, rather than administrator and management functions. The CA API Gateway must provide for the use of an internal identity provider that can be used in conjunction with organizational directories such as Active Directory. The internal identity provider can be used for those users not explicitly defined within the organization or for users that exist outside of the organization.

DoS attacks can take multiple forms but have the common objective of overloading or blocking a network or host to deny or seriously degrade performance. If the network does not provide safeguards against DoS attack, network resources will be unavailable to users. Installation of an ALG at key boundaries in the architecture mitigates the risk of DoS attacks. These attacks can be detected by matching observed communications traffic with patterns of known attacks and monitoring for anomalies in traffic volume/type. The ALG must include protection against DoS attacks that originate from inside the enclave, which can affect either internal or external systems. These attacks may use legitimate or rogue endpoints from inside the enclave. These attacks can be simple "floods" of traffic to saturate circuits or devices, malware that consumes CPU and memory on a device or causes it to crash, or a configuration issue that disables or impairs the proper function of a device. For example, an accidental or deliberate misconfiguration of a routing table can misdirect traffic for multiple networks. To comply with this requirement, the ALG must monitor outbound traffic for indications of known and unknown DoS attacks. Audit log capacity management, along with techniques that prevent the logging of redundant information during an attack, also guard against DoS attacks. The CA API Gateway must enable an inbound rate limit in an effort to provide safeguards against DoS attacks. By default, this is not turned on and will need to be enabled either in Global Policy or within each Registered Service. Additionally, a quota can be inserted within a Registered Service's policy to verify that any request exceeding the quota for an authenticated user, client IP, etc. will be denied access to the Registered Service. Furthermore, a message size limiter can be inserted into a policy to limit the size of any request being received or response being sent.

Terminating an idle session within a short time period reduces the window of opportunity for unauthorized personnel to take control of a management session enabled on the console or console port that has been left unattended. In addition, quickly terminating an idle session will also free up resources committed by the managed network element. Terminating network connections associated with Policy Manager sessions includes, for example, de-allocating associated TCP/IP address/port pairs at the operating system level and de-allocating networking assignments at the application level if multiple application sessions are using a single operating system-level network connection. The CA API Gateway must be configured to terminate any management session after an inactivity time via the Policy Manager. The default value for the Policy Manager is 30 minutes and must be configured for 10 minutes for administration sessions and 15 minutes for all other sessions, such as users viewing logs.

Mobile code is defined as software modules obtained from remote systems, transferred across a network, and then downloaded and executed on a local system without explicit installation or execution by the recipient. Examples of mobile code include JavaScript, VBScript, Java applets, ActiveX controls, Flash animations, Shockwave videos, and macros embedded within Microsoft Office documents. Mobile code can be exploited to attack a host. It can be sent as an email attachment or embedded in other file formats not traditionally associated with executable code. While the ALG cannot replace the network IDS or the antivirus and host-based IDS (HIDS) protection installed on the network's endpoints, vendor or locally created sensor rules can be implemented that provide pre-emptive defense against both known and zero-day vulnerabilities. Many of the protections may provide defenses before vulnerabilities are discovered and rules or blacklist updates are distributed by antivirus or malicious code solution vendors. To monitor for and detect known prohibited mobile code or approved mobile code that violates permitted usage requirements, the ALG must implement policy filters, rules, signatures, and anomaly analysis. The CA API Gateway must block against code injection and SQL injection attacks, helping to prevent and detect any mobile code that is exhibiting unusual behavior through the injection of incorrect code or wrongly formatted SQL statements within all registered services policies as per organizational requirements.

Authenticity protection provides protection against man-in-the-middle attacks/session hijacking and the insertion of false information into sessions. This requirement focuses on communications protection for the application session, rather than for the network packet, and establishes grounds for confidence at both ends of communications sessions in ongoing identities of other parties and in the validity of information transmitted. Depending on the required degree of confidentiality and integrity, web services/SOAP will require the use of mutual authentication (two-way/bidirectional). To protect authenticity of communications sessions, the CA API Gateway includes the "Require SSL or TLS Transport with Client Certificate Authentication" Assertion which includes options for Mutual Authentication such as requiring the client initiating the communication to authenticate with a trusted certificate. The CA API Gateway must utilize this assertion within Registered services or within Global policy to help create protection against man-in-the-middle attacks/session hijacking and the insertion of false information into a session allowing both the client and destination server to trust and authenticate against each other before communications can occur.

Captured sessions can be reused in "replay" attacks. This requirement limits the ability of adversaries from capturing and continuing to employ previously valid session IDs. Session IDs are tokens generated by web applications to uniquely identify an application user's session. Unique session identifiers or IDs are the opposite of sequentially generated session IDs, which can be easily guessed by an attacker. Unique session IDs help to reduce predictability of said identifiers. When a user logs out, or when any other session termination event occurs, the network element must terminate the user session to minimize the potential for an attacker to hijack that particular user session. ALGs act as an intermediary for applications; therefore, session control is part of the function provided. This requirement focuses on communications protection at the application session, rather than at the network packet level. The CA API Gateway must protect against replay attacks by using an out-of-the-box "Protect Against Message Replay" Assertion within the registered services that will assist with validating and invalidating sessions as per organizational requirements.

Sequentially generated session IDs can be easily guessed by an attacker. Employing the concept of randomness in the generation of unique session identifiers helps to protect against brute-force attacks to determine future session identifiers. The CA API Gateway uses random numbers for session IDs. Random number generation, out of the box, uses the FIPS 140-2 validated RSA BSAFE Crypto-J Software Module for random number generation for all cryptographic algorithms. By default, JsafeJCE FIPS 186 PRNG algorithm is used in all crypto operations. This can be overridden as per organizational requirements when configured to use a SafeNet Luna HSM, whereupon all cryptographic algorithms performed within the HSM will use its FIPS 140-2 validated random number generation.

Malicious code protection mechanisms include, but are not limited to, antivirus and malware detection software. In order to minimize any potential negative impact to the organization caused by malicious code, malicious code must be identified and eradicated. Malicious code includes viruses, worms, trojan horses, and spyware. The CA API Gateway must be configured to integrate with an ICAP-enabled Intrusion Detection System such as McAfee, Sophos, or Symantec. These systems must then be configured to update their protection mechanisms and signature definitions in accordance with organizational requirements.

Malicious code includes viruses, worms, trojan horses, and spyware. The code provides the ability for a malicious user to read from and write to files and folders on a computer's hard drive. Malicious code may also be able to run and attach programs, which may allow the unauthorized distribution of malicious mobile code. Once this code is installed on endpoints within the network, unauthorized users may be able to breach firewalls and gain access to sensitive data. To guard against malicious code, real-time scans must be performed on files from external sources as they are downloaded and prior to being opened or executed. The CA API Gateway must be configured to integrate with an ICAP-enabled Intrusion Detection System such as McAfee, Sophos, or Symantec. These systems must be configured in accordance with organizational requirements, which must include the real-time scanning of files from external sources.

Taking an appropriate action based on local organizational incident handling procedures minimizes the impact of malicious code on the network. The CA API Gateway must be configured to integrate with an ICAP enabled Intrusion Detection System such as McAfee, Sophos, or Symantec. These systems must be configured in accordance with organizational requirements, which must include the blocking of malicious code once detected.

Taking an appropriate action based on local organizational incident handling procedures minimizes the impact of malicious code on the network. The ALG must be configured to block all detected malicious code. It is sometimes acceptable/necessary to generate a log event and then automatically delete the malicious code; however, for critical attacks or where forensic evidence is deemed necessary, the file should be quarantined for further investigation. The CA API Gateway must be configured to integrate with an ICAP-enabled Intrusion Detection System such as McAfee, Sophos, or Symantec. These systems must be configured in accordance with organizational requirements, which must include the deletion of malicious code once detected.

Without an alert, security personnel may be unaware of an impending failure of the audit capability, which will impede the ability to perform forensic analysis and detect rate-based and other anomalies. The ALG generates an immediate (within seconds) alert that notifies designated personnel of the incident. Sending a message to an unattended log or console does not meet this requirement since it will not be seen immediately. These messages should include a severity level indicator or code as an indicator of the criticality of the incident. The CA API Gateway must be configured to integrate with an ICAP-enabled Intrusion Detection System such as McAfee, Sophos, or Symantec. These systems must be configured in accordance with organizational requirements, including the detection of malicious code. The CA API Gateway must then evaluate the response of the scanning from the ICAP-enabled Intrusion Detection System and send an email to the system administrator.

The malicious software detection functionality on network elements needs to be constantly updated in order to identify new threats as they are discovered. All malicious software detection functions must come with an update mechanism that automatically updates the application and any associated signature definitions. The organization (including any contractor to the organization) is required to promptly install security-relevant malicious code protection updates. Examples of relevant updates include antivirus signatures, detection heuristic rule sets, and/or file reputation data employed to identify and/or block malicious software from executing. Malicious code includes viruses, worms, trojan horses, and spyware. The CA API Gateway must be configured to integrate with an ICA- enabled Intrusion Detection System such as McAfee, Sophos, or Symantec. These systems must then be configured to update their protection mechanisms and signature definitions in accordance with organizational requirements. The CA API Gateway does not offer this feature beyond the integration with the third-party systems.

Providing too much information in error messages risks compromising the data and security of the application and system. Organizations must carefully consider the structure/content of error messages. The required information within error messages will vary based on the protocol and error condition. Information that could be exploited by adversaries includes, for example, ICMP messages that reveal the use of firewalls or access-control lists. The CA API Gateway must include within the Registered Services Policies customized error responses revealing only the necessary information as required by the organization.

Mobile code is defined as software modules obtained from remote systems, transferred across a network, and then downloaded and executed on a local system without explicit installation or execution by the recipient. This applies to mobile code that may originate either internal to or external from the enclave. Mobile code is defined as software modules obtained from remote systems, transferred across a network, and then downloaded and executed on a local system without explicit installation or execution by the recipient. Mobile code that must be blocked or restricted is identified in CCI-001166. The CA API Gateway must block against code injection and SQL injection attacks, helping to block any mobile code that is exhibiting unusual behavior, such as the injection of incorrect code or wrongly formatted SQL statements, and that may be prohibited from use due to these anomalies.

Mobile code is defined as software modules obtained from remote systems, transferred across a network, and then downloaded and executed on a local system without explicit installation or execution by the recipient. This applies to mobile code that may originate either internal to or external from the enclave. Mobile code is defined as software modules obtained from remote systems, transferred across a network, and then downloaded and executed on a local system without explicit installation or execution by the recipient. Mobile code that must be prevented from downloading is identified in CCI-001166. The CA API Gateway must block against code injection and SQL injection attacks, helping to prevent/deny any mobile code that is exhibiting unusual behavior by preventing the injection of prohibited code or incorrectly formatted SQL statements.

Remote access devices, such as those providing remote access to network devices and information systems, that lack automated control capabilities increase risk and makes remote user access management difficult at best. Remote access is access to DoD nonpublic information systems by an authorized user (or an information system) communicating through an external, non-organization-controlled network. Remote access methods include broadband and wireless connections. Remote access methods include, for example, proxied remote encrypted traffic (e.g., TLS gateways, web content filters, and webmail proxies). The CA API Gateway must control access to Remote Services accessible over broadband and wireless connections using customizable policies and communications protocol Assertions.

Data mining is the analysis of large quantities of data to discover patterns and is used in intelligence gathering. Failure to prevent attacks launched against organizational information from unauthorized data mining may result in the compromise of information. Injection attacks allow an attacker to inject code into a program or query or inject malware onto a computer to execute remote commands that can read or modify a database or change data on a website. Web applications frequently access databases to store, retrieve, and update information. An attacker can construct inputs that the database will execute. This is most commonly referred to as a code injection attack. This type of attack includes XPath and LDAP injections. Compliance requires the CA API Gateway to have the capability to prevent code injections. Examples include Web Application Firewalls (WAFs) or database application gateways. The CA API Gateway must include threat protection mechanisms such as "Protect Against SQL Attack" and/or "Protect Against Code Injection" Assertions configured in accordance with organizational requirements and used in a Registered Service's policy requiring protection to help prevent attacks against data storage objects.

Data mining is the analysis of large quantities of data to discover patterns and is used in intelligence gathering. Failure to prevent attacks launched against organizational information from unauthorized data mining may result in the compromise of information. Injection attacks allow an attacker to inject code into a program or query or inject malware onto a computer to execute remote commands that can read or modify a database or change data on a website. These attacks include buffer overrun, XML, JavaScript, and HTML injections. Compliance requires the CA API Gateway to have the capability to prevent code injections. Examples include Web Application Firewalls (WAFs) or database application gateways. The CA API Gateway must include threat protection mechanisms such as "Protect Against SQL Attack" and/or "Protect Against Code Injection" Assertions configured in accordance with organizational requirements and used in a Registered Service's policy requiring protection to help prevent code injection attacks launched against data storage objects.

Data mining is the analysis of large quantities of data to discover patterns and is used in intelligence gathering. Failure to prevent attacks launched against organizational information from unauthorized data mining may result in the compromise of information. SQL injection attacks are the most prevalent attacks against web applications and databases. These attacks inject SQL commands that can read, modify, or compromise the meaning of the original SQL query. An attacker can spoof identity; expose, tamper, destroy, or make existing data unavailable; or gain unauthorized privileges on the database server. Compliance requires the CA API Gateway to have the capability to prevent SQL code injections. Examples include Web Application Firewalls (WAFs) or database application gateways. The CA API Gateway must include threat protection mechanisms such as a "Protect Against SQL Attack" Assertion configured in accordance with organizational requirements and used in a Registered Service's policy requiring data mining protection to help prevent SQL injection attacks launched against data storage objects.

Data mining is the analysis of large quantities of data to discover patterns and is used in intelligence gathering. Failure to detect attacks launched against organizational databases may result in the compromise of information. Injection attacks allow an attacker to inject code into a program or query or inject malware onto a computer to execute remote commands that can read or modify a database or change data on a website. Web applications frequently access databases to store, retrieve, and update information. An attacker can construct inputs that the database will execute. This is most commonly referred to as a code injection attack. This type of attack includes XPath and LDAP injections. CA API Gateways with anomaly detection must be configured to protect against unauthorized code injections. These devices must include rules and anomaly detection algorithms to monitor for atypical database queries or accesses. Examples include Web Application Firewalls (WAFs) or database application gateways. The CA API Gateway must include threat protection mechanisms such as a "Protect Against Code Injection" Assertion configured in accordance with organizational requirements and used in a Registered Service's policy requiring data mining protection to help detect code injection attacks.

Data mining is the analysis of large quantities of data to discover patterns and is used in intelligence gathering. Failure to detect attacks launched against organizational databases may result in the compromise of information. SQL injection attacks are the most prevalent attacks against web applications and databases. These attacks inject SQL commands that can read, modify, or compromise the meaning of the original SQL query. An attacker can spoof identity; expose, tamper, destroy, or make existing data unavailable; or gain unauthorized privileges on the database server. CA API Gateways with anomaly detection must be configured to protect against unauthorized data mining attacks. These devices must include rules and anomaly detection algorithms to monitor for atypical database queries or accesses. Examples include Web Application Firewalls (WAFs) or database application gateways. The CA API Gateway must include threat protection mechanisms such as a "Protect Against SQL Attack" Assertion configured in accordance with organizational requirements and used in a Registered Service's policy requiring data mining protection to help detect SQL Injection attacks.

Data mining is the analysis of large quantities of data to discover patterns and is used in intelligence gathering. Failure to detect attacks launched against organizational applications may result in the compromise of information. Injection attacks allow an attacker to inject code into a program or query or inject malware onto a computer to execute remote commands that can read or modify a database or change data on a website. These attacks include buffer overrun, XML, JavaScript, and HTML injections. CA API Gateways with anomaly detection must be configured to protect against unauthorized code injections. These devices must include rules and anomaly detection algorithms to monitor for atypical database queries or accesses. Examples include Web Application Firewalls (WAFs) or database application gateways. The CA API Gateway must include threat protection mechanisms such as a "Protect Against Code Injection" Assertion configured in accordance with organizational requirements and used in a Registered Service's policy requiring data mining protection to help detect code injection attacks launched against application objects.

Information stored in one location is vulnerable to accidental or incidental deletion or alteration. Off-loading is a common process in information systems with limited audit storage capacity. The CA API Gateway must include a method for off-loading audit records onto a centralized log server, including External Audit Stores and Centralized Syslog Servers.

Without reauthentication, users may access resources or perform tasks for which they do not have authorization. In addition to the reauthentication requirements associated with session locks, organizations may require reauthentication of individuals and/or devices in other situations, including (but not limited to) the following circumstances: 1) When authenticators change 2) When roles change 3) When security categories of information systems change 4) When the execution of privileged functions occurs 5) After a fixed period of time 6) Periodically Within the DoD, the minimum circumstances requiring reauthentication are privilege escalation and role changes. This requirement only applies to components where this is specific to the function of the device or has the concept of user authentication (e.g., VPN or ALG capability). This does not apply to authentication for the purpose of configuring the device itself (i.e., device management). The CA API Gateway must include in policies requiring users to reauthenticate logic to check the session token used by the client for expiration on each request and check if the session has expired, and if so, redirect them to the authentication provider.

For remote access to non-privileged accounts, the purpose of requiring a device that is separate from the information system gaining access for one of the factors during multifactor authentication is to reduce the likelihood of compromising authentication credentials stored on the system. Multifactor solutions that require devices separate from information systems gaining access include, for example, hardware tokens providing time-based or challenge-response authenticators and smart cards such as the U.S. Government Personal Identity Verification card and the DoD Common Access Card. A privileged account is defined as an information system account with authorizations of a privileged user. Remote access is access to DoD nonpublic information systems by an authorized user (or an information system) communicating through an external, non-organization-controlled network. Remote access methods include, for example, dial-up, broadband, and wireless. An example of compliance with this requirement is the use of a one-time password token and PIN coupled with a password or the use of a CAC/PIV card and PIN coupled with a password. The CA API Gateway supports X.509, username/password, SAML, Kerberos, and RADIUS authentication. To provide multifactor authentication (MFA), the registered services requiring MFA must include multiple authentication assertions.

For remote access to privileged accounts, the purpose of requiring a device that is separate from the information system gaining access for one of the factors during multifactor authentication is to reduce the likelihood of compromising authentication credentials stored on the system. Multifactor solutions that require devices separate from information systems gaining access include, for example, hardware tokens providing time-based or challenge-response authenticators and smart cards such as the U.S. Government Personal Identity Verification card and the DoD Common Access Card. A privileged account is defined as an information system account with authorizations of a privileged user. Remote access is access to DoD-nonpublic information systems by an authorized user (or an information system) communicating through an external, non-organization-controlled network. Remote access methods include, for example, dial-up, broadband, and wireless. The CA API Gateway supports X.509, username/password, SAML, Kerberos, and RADIUS authentication. To provide multifactor authentication (MFA), the registered services requiring MFA must include multiple authentication assertions.

If the cached authenticator information is out of date, the validity of the authentication information may be questionable. This requirement applies to all ALGs that may cache user authenticators for use throughout a session. This requirement also applies to ALGs that provide user authentication intermediary services (e.g., authentication gateway or TLS gateway). This does not apply to authentication for the purpose of configuring the device itself (device management). The CA API Gateway must be configured to use an organization-defined value for determining the expiration of cached data from an identity provider or third party, such as a SAML Token Service.

Without configuring a local cache of revocation data, there is the potential to allow access to users who are no longer authorized (users with revoked certificates). The intent of this requirement is to require support for a secondary certificate validation method using a locally cached revocation data, such as Certificate Revocation List (CRL), in case access to OCSP (required by CCI-000185) is not available. Based on a risk assessment, an alternate mitigation is to configure the system to deny access when revocation data is unavailable. This requirement applies to ALGs that provide user authentication intermediary services (e.g., authentication gateway or TLS gateway). This does not apply to authentication for the purpose of configuring the device itself (device management). The CA API Gateway must implement a local cache of revocation data to support certificate validation in the event network access to the revocation server is unavailable. This cache must be created using a "Revocation Checking Policy" and be configurable to meet organizational requirements.

Without conforming to FICAM-issued profiles, the information system may not be interoperable with FICAM authentication protocols, such as SAML 2.0 and OpenID 2.0. Use of FICAM-issued profiles addresses open identity management standards. This requirement only applies to components where this is specific to the function of the device or has the concept of a non-organizational user, (e.g., ALG capability that is the front end for an application in a DMZ). CA API Gateway must be capable of producing and validating FICAM-compliant SAML.

Non-DoD-approved PKIs have not been evaluated to ensure that they have security controls and identity vetting procedures in place that are sufficient for DoD systems to rely on the identity asserted in the certificate. PKIs lacking sufficient security controls and identity vetting procedures risk being compromised and issuing certificates that enable adversaries to impersonate legitimate users. The authoritative list of DoD-approved PKIs is published at http://iase.disa.mil/pki-pke/interoperability. DoD-approved PKI CAs may include Category I, II, and III certificates. Category I DoD-Approved External PKIs are PIV issuers. Category II DoD-Approved External PKIs are Non-Federal Agency PKIs cross-certified with the Federal Bridge Certification Authority (FBCA). Category III DoD-Approved External PKIs are Foreign, Allied, or Coalition Partner PKIs. Deploying the ALG with TLS enabled will require the installation of DoD and/or DoD-approved CA certificates in the trusted root certificate store of each proxy to be used for TLS traffic. This requirement focuses on communications protection for the application session, rather than for the network packet. The CA API Gateway must import the DoD PKI CA certificate(s) as trusted by using the "Manage Certificates" task. If the certificate(s) are also intended to be used for user authentication, the configuration of a "Federated Identity Provider" that extends trust to valid certificates that are signed by the DoD PKI CA certificate(s) must be configured.

If the network does not provide safeguards against DoS attacks, network resources will be unavailable to users. Installation of content filtering gateways and application layer firewalls at key boundaries in the architecture mitigates the risk of DoS attacks. These attacks can be detected by matching observed communications traffic with patterns of known attacks and monitoring for anomalies in traffic volume/type. Detection components that use rate-based behavior analysis can detect attacks when signatures for the attack do not exist or are not installed. These attacks include zero-day attacks, which are new attacks for which vendors have not yet developed signatures. Rate-based behavior analysis can detect sophisticated, Distributed DoS (DDoS) attacks by correlating traffic information from multiple network segments or components. This requirement applies to the communications traffic functionality of the ALG as it pertains to handling communications traffic, rather than to the ALG device itself. The CA API Gateway must enable a rate limit in an effort to provide safeguards against DoS attacks.

If the network does not provide safeguards against DoS attacks, network resources will be unavailable to users. Load balancing provides service redundancy, which reduces the susceptibility of the ALG to many DoS attacks. The ALG must be configured to prevent or mitigate the impact on network availability and traffic flow of DoS attacks that have occurred or are ongoing. This requirement applies to the network traffic functionality of the device as it pertains to handling network traffic. Some types of attacks may be specialized to certain network technologies, functions, or services. For each technology, known and potential DoS attacks must be identified and solutions for each type implemented. The CA API Gateway is designed to run as a cluster behind any industry standard load balancer. When routing to back-end services, the Gateway itself can also provide load balancing across back ends as described in the Check and Fix content if needed to support additional protection against DoS attacks.

Unrestricted traffic may contain malicious traffic that poses a threat to an enclave or to other connected networks. Additionally, unrestricted traffic may transit a network, which uses bandwidth and other resources. Access control policies and access control lists implemented on devices that control the flow of network traffic (e.g., application-level firewalls and Web content filters), ensure the flow of traffic is only allowed from authorized sources to authorized destinations. Networks with different levels of trust (e.g., the Internet or CDS) must be kept separate. CA API Gateway must use services, policy, and iptable configurations to enforce flows only to/from authorized sources and destinations.

A common vulnerability of network elements is unpredictable behavior when invalid inputs are received. This requirement guards against adverse or unintended system behavior caused by invalid inputs, where information system responses to the invalid input may be disruptive or cause the system to fail into an unsafe state. The behavior will be derived from the organizational and system requirements and includes, but is not limited to, notification of the appropriate personnel, creating an audit record, and rejecting invalid input. The CA API Gateway must validate both XML and JSON schemas to verify valid inputs from a client requesting Registered Services. This helps to prevent XDoS attacks and parameter tampering, which in turn helps to prevent the injection of malicious scripts or content into the request.

Without coordinated reporting between separate devices, it is not possible to identify the true scale and possible target of an attack. Integration of the ALG with a system-wide intrusion detection system supports continuous monitoring and incident response programs. This requirement applies to monitoring at internal boundaries using TLS gateways, web content filters, email gateways, and other types of ALGs. ALGs can work as part of the network monitoring capabilities to off-load inspection functions from the external boundary Intrusion Detection and Prevention System (IDPS) by performing more granular content inspection of protocols at the upper layers of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model. The CA API Gateway must be configured to integrate with an ICAP enabled Intrusion Detection System such as McAfee, Sophos, or Symantec.

Without an alert, security personnel may be unaware of major detection incidents that require immediate action, and this delay may result in the loss or compromise of information. Since these incidents require immediate action, these messages are assigned a critical or level 1 priority/severity, depending on the system's priority schema. The CA API Gateway provides content inspection services in real time. These systems generate alerts when detection events from real-time monitoring occur. Alerts may be transmitted, for example, telephonically, by electronic mail messages or by text messaging. The ALG must either send the alert to a management console that is actively monitored by authorized personnel or use a messaging capability to send the alert directly to designated personnel. The CA API Gateway must send an email upon detection of an event though the use of a "Send Email Alert" Assertion added to the Registered Services requiring email notifications.

Without an alert, security personnel may be unaware of major detection incidents that require immediate action, and this delay may result in the loss or compromise of information. The ALG generates an alert that notifies designated personnel of the Indicators of Compromise (IOCs) that require real-time alerts. These messages should include a severity-level indicator or code as an indicator of the criticality of the incident. These indicators reflect the occurrence of a compromise or a potential compromise. Since these incidents require immediate action, these messages are assigned a critical or level 1 priority/severity, depending on the system's priority schema. CJCSM 6510.01B, "Cyber Incident Handling Program", lists nine Cyber Incident and Reportable Event Categories. DoD has determined that categories identified by CJCSM 6510.01B Major Indicators (category 1, 2, 4, or 7 detection events) will require an alert when an event is detected. Alerts may be transmitted, for example, telephonically, by electronic mail messages, or by text messaging. The ALG must either send the alert to a management console that is actively monitored by authorized personnel or use a messaging capability to send the alert directly to designated personnel. The CA API Gateway is configured by default to only allow 5 failed attempts to log on to the Gateway console. After 5 attempts, all accounts will be locked for 20 minutes. Upon the next successful logon as a privileged administrator, such as root on the console, a message will appear stating "there were x failed logon attempts since the last successful login".

Without an alert, security personnel may be unaware of major detection incidents that require immediate action, and this delay may result in the loss or compromise of information. The ALG generates an alert that notifies designated personnel of the Indicators of Compromise (IOCs) that require real-time alerts. These messages should include a severity-level indicator or code as an indicator of the criticality of the incident. These indicators reflect the occurrence of a compromise or a potential compromise. Since these incidents require immediate action, these messages are assigned a critical or level 1 priority/severity, depending on the system's priority schema. CJCSM 6510.01B, "Cyber Incident Handling Program", lists nine Cyber Incident and Reportable Event Categories. DoD has determined that categories identified by CJCSM 6510.01B Major Indicators (category 1, 2, 4, or 7 detection events) will require an alert when an event is detected. Alerts may be transmitted, for example, telephonically, by electronic mail messages, or by text messaging. The ALG must either send the alert to a management console that is actively monitored by authorized personnel or use a messaging capability to send the alert directly to designated personnel.

Passwords need to be protected at all times, and encryption is the standard method for protecting passwords. If passwords are not encrypted, they can be plainly read (i.e., clear text) and easily compromised. This requirement applies to ALGs that provide user authentication intermediary services. This does not apply to authentication for the purpose of configuring the device itself (device management). The CA API Gateway must require SSL or TLS when accessing a Registered Service. By requiring SSL or TLS to access a Registered Service, passwords will be encrypted by the CA API Gateway even if the back-end server does not require passwords to be encrypted or have SSL enabled.

Invalid user input occurs when a user inserts data or characters into an application's data entry fields and the application is unprepared to process that data. This results in unanticipated application behavior, potentially leading to an application or information system compromise. Invalid input is one of the primary methods employed when attempting to compromise an application. Network devices with the functionality to perform application layer inspection may be leveraged to validate data content of network communications. Checking the valid syntax and semantics of information system inputs (e.g., character set, length, numerical range, and acceptable values) verifies that inputs match specified definitions for format and content. Software typically follows well-defined protocols that use structured messages (i.e., commands or queries) to communicate between software modules or system components. Structured messages can contain raw or unstructured data interspersed with metadata or control information. If network elements use attacker-supplied inputs to construct structured messages without properly encoding such messages, the attacker could insert malicious commands or special characters that can cause the data to be interpreted as control information or metadata. Consequently, the module or component that receives the tainted output will perform the wrong operations or otherwise interpret the data incorrectly. Pre-screening inputs prior to passing to interpreters prevents the content from being unintentionally interpreted as commands. Input validation helps to ensure accurate and correct inputs and prevent attacks such as cross-site scripting and a variety of injection attacks. The CA API Gateway must validate both XML and JSON schemas to verify valid inputs from a client requesting Registered Services. This helps to prevent against XDoS attacks and parameter tampering, which in turn helps to prevent the injection of malicious scripts or content into the request.

Only authorized personnel should be aware of errors and the details of the errors. Error messages are an indicator of an organization's operational state or can give configuration details about the network element. Limiting access to system logs and administrative consoles to authorized personnel will help to mitigate this risk. However, user feedback and error messages should also be restricted by type and content in accordance with security best practices (e.g., ICMP messages). The CA API Gateway must be configured within the policies of a Registered Service to only pass limited error messaging to the end user of a Registered Service. Additional error messages will be recorded in audit logs, and the audit logs are controlled via role-based access.

Without generating audit records that are specific to the security and mission needs of the organization, it would be difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events relating to an incident or identify those responsible for one. Audit records can be generated from various components within the information system (e.g., module or policy filter). This requirement applies to the ALG traffic management functions, such as content filtering or intermediary services. This does not apply to audit logs generated on behalf of the device (device management). The CA API Gateway by default audits when unsuccessful attempts to log on to a Registered Service or the Gateway occur. To enable the auditing of successful events, the log level on the Gateway must be increased to INFO, as by default it is set to WARNING, which only audits events that may be considered an issue.

Without generating audit records that are specific to the security and mission needs of the organization, it would be difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events relating to an incident or identify those responsible for one. Audit records can be generated from various components within the information system (e.g., module or policy filter). This requirement applies to the ALG traffic management functions, such as content filtering or intermediary services. This does not apply to audit logs generated on behalf of the device (device management). By default, the CA API Gateway audits all starting events for each Registered Service. An ending event can be generated through the use of a "logout service/API", which is called by the user's application at the time of logout or session termination. If the Registered Service/API already has the logout capability included, the ending event will be generated automatically at logout without the need for an additional logout service.

Use of weak or untested encryption algorithms undermines the purposes of using encryption to protect data. The network element must implement cryptographic modules adhering to the higher standards approved by the federal government since this provides assurance they have been tested and validated. This requirement applies only to ALGs that provide encryption intermediary services (e.g., HTTPS, TLS, or DNSSEC). The CA API Gateway uses the RSA BSAFE Crypto-J Software Module for cryptographic hashing, which is validated to FIPS 140-2 overall Level 1 when operated in FIPS mode. FIPS mode is not enabled by default and must be enabled on the CA API Gateway. Hashing algorithms used in signature operations are configured as per the assertion in the policy.

Use of weak or untested encryption algorithms undermines the purposes of using encryption to protect data. The network element must implement cryptographic modules adhering to the higher standards approved by the federal government since this provides assurance they have been tested and validated. This requirement applies only to ALGs that provide encryption intermediary services (e.g., HTTPS, TLS, or DNSSEC). The CA API Gateway meets NIST FIPS-validated cryptography for digital signatures by using the built-in "Sign XML Element" and "Sign Element" Assertions within Registered Services policies, along with registered keypairs configured in accordance with organizational requirements.

Application protocol anomaly detection examines application layer protocols such as FTP to identify attacks based on observed deviations in the normal RFC behavior of a protocol or service. This type of monitoring allows for the detection of known and unknown exploits, which exploit weaknesses of commonly used protocols. Since protocol anomaly analysis examines the application payload for patterns or anomalies, an FTP proxy must be included in the ALG. This ALG will be configured to inspect inbound and outbound FTP communications traffic to detect protocol anomalies such as malformed message and command insertion attacks. The CA API Gateway must be configured to inspect incoming and outgoing FTP traffic for protocol compliance and anomalies such as limiting message size, protecting against code injection cross-site request forgery, SQL attacks, and XML and JSON document structure validation; validate content; and/or use third-party antivirus scanning. Also, regular expressions can be used to detect any known attack patterns within policies.

Application protocol anomaly detection examines application layer protocols such as HTTP to identify attacks based on observed deviations in the normal RFC behavior of a protocol or service. This type of monitoring allows for the detection of known and unknown exploits, which exploit weaknesses of commonly used protocols. Since protocol anomaly analysis examines the application payload for patterns or anomalies, an HTTP proxy must be included in the ALG. This ALG will be configured to inspect inbound and outbound HTTP communications traffic to detect protocol anomalies such as malformed message and command insertion attacks. All inbound and outbound traffic, including HTTPS, must be inspected. However, the intention of this policy is not to mandate HTTPS inspection by the ALG. Typically, HTTPS traffic is inspected either at the source or destination and/or is directed for inspection by organizationally-defined network termination point. The CA API Gateway must be configured to inspect incoming and outgoing HTTP traffic for protocol compliance and anomalies such as limiting message size, protecting against code injection cross-site request forgery, SQL attacks, and XML and JSON document structure validation; validate content; and/or use third-party anti-virus scanning. Also, regular expressions can be used to detect any known attack patterns within policies.

Automatic session termination addresses the termination of user-initiated logical sessions in contrast to the termination of network connections that are associated with communications sessions (i.e., network disconnect). A logical session (for local, network, and remote access) is initiated whenever a user (or process acting on behalf of a user) accesses an organizational information system. Such user sessions can be terminated (and thus terminate user access) without terminating network sessions. Session termination terminates all processes associated with a user's logical session, except those processes that are specifically created by the user (i.e., session owner) to continue after the session is terminated. This capability is typically reserved for specific system functionality where the system owner, data owner, or organization requires additional trigger events based on specific mission needs. Conditions or trigger events requiring automatic session termination can include, for example, targeted responses to certain types of incidents and time-of-day restrictions on information system use. This policy only applies to gateways (e.g., identity management or authentication gateways) that provide user account services as part of the intermediary services. The CA API Gateway must place restrictions on Registered Services, such as time/day restrictions, and generate targeted responses to certain types of incidents based on organizational requirements for disconnecting sessions.

If a user cannot explicitly end a session, the session may remain open and be exploited by an attacker. However, for some types of interactive sessions, including, for example, remote logon, information systems typically send logoff messages as final messages prior to terminating sessions. This policy only applies to gateways (e.g., identity management or authentication gateways) that provide user account services as part of the intermediary services. The CA API Gateway must register, protect, and expose the API responsible for logoff capability. Policy can then be configured to allow the Logoff Registered Service to be initiated through the application requiring the user logoff capability.

If a user cannot explicitly end a session, the session may remain open and be exploited by an attacker; this is referred to as a zombie session. Users need to be aware of whether or not the session has been terminated. Logoff messages for access, for example, can be displayed after authenticated sessions have been terminated. However, for some types of interactive sessions including, for example, remote logon, information systems typically send logoff messages as final messages prior to terminating sessions. This policy only applies to ALGs (e.g., identity management or authentication gateways) that provide user account services as part of the intermediary services. The CA API Gateway must return a custom template response upon calling a service. All developed applications protected by the CA API Gateway must be set up to call a CA API Gateway Service, which upon selecting "logoff" within the application, terminates the authenticated session and displays an explicit logoff message.

Use of weak or untested encryption algorithms undermines the purposes of using encryption to protect data. The network element must implement cryptographic modules adhering to the higher standards approved by the federal government since this provides assurance they have been tested and validated. This requirement applies only to ALGs that provide encryption intermediary services (e.g., HTTPS, TLS, or DNSSEC). Encryption operations are performed in the following assertions: "Encrypt XML Element" and "Encrypt Element". Any of the listed encryption methods (AES 128 CBC, AES 192 CBC, AES 128 GCM, AES 256 GCM, Triple DES) included with the Assertions are NIST-FIPS validated. The FIPS-140-2 Certified RSA BSAFE Crypto-J Module is used for encryption operations. All CA API Gateway references to Triple-DES directly imply three-key and NOT two-key.

Off-loading ensures audit information does not get overwritten if the limited audit storage capacity is reached and also protects the audit record in case the system/component being audited is compromised. Off-loading is a common process in information systems with limited audit storage capacity. The audit storage on the ALG is used only in a transitory fashion until the system can communicate with the centralized log server designated for storing the audit records, at which point the information is transferred. However, DoD requires that the log be transferred in real time, which indicates that the time from event detection to off-loading is seconds or less. This does not apply to audit logs generated on behalf of the device itself (management). By default, when the CA API Gateway Server is configured to off-load audit records, they are offloaded in real time. No additional configuration is needed.